2018年12月10日，諾貝爾獎頒獎儀式在斯德哥爾摩舉辦。像往年一樣，頒獎儀式吸引了全世界的目光。今年諾貝爾獎委員會將諾貝爾和平獎授予納迪亞·穆拉德和德尼·穆奎格，表彰“他們為終結戰爭和武裝沖突中使用性暴力作為武器這一現象所做出的努力”。

對于女性而言，這是一個具有里程碑意義的時刻。縱觀歷史，性暴力一直都是戰爭中常見的一部分，但是，“強奸作為戰爭武器”這一短語，直到在20世紀90年代才被研究者、決策者以及媒體分析人士廣泛使用。不過，僅僅在近些年，性暴力才成為聯合國和許多人權組織議程上的一個重要的問題。在這種背景下，穆拉德和穆奎格獲得諾貝爾和平獎也就不足為奇了。這兩位獲獎者都為結束對女性的性暴力做出了貢獻，而且通過他們的努力使這一議題成為國際社會的關注焦點。

穆拉德是在極端組織“伊斯蘭國”發動的戰爭中遭遇性暴力的幸存者，她唯一可以使用的武器是“大聲說出來”——講述她的故事，從而幫助本國跟她一樣遭受性暴力的姐妹，以及全世界無數的強奸受害者。穆奎格是一名男性婦科醫生，他治療并幫助了數千名在剛果（金）內戰期間遭受性暴力的女性。諾貝爾獎本身就是對兩位獲獎者為解決性暴力問題所做的努力的認可，說明了解決性暴力問題的緊迫性。

諾貝爾和平獎的帷幕落下了，要建設一個“沒有強奸受害者”的美好世界，道路依然漫長而艱辛。

全世界應該聽到更多戰爭時期遭受性暴力的幸存者的聲音。“講故事”是穆拉德的武器，所幸的是，她講述的有關性暴力記憶和創傷的故事被聽到了。在聯合國論壇上的首次公開演講中，她強調：自己“只是無數雅茲迪（Yazidi）受害者中的一員”。她的勇氣有望激勵更多的性暴力幸存者發出自己聲音，反對性暴力和人口販賣。

大部分中國人對“慰安婦”這個詞可能并不陌生。這一詞是對二戰期間，鄰近日本的亞洲國家中被日本軍方綁架或強迫成為性奴隸的女孩和婦女的委婉稱呼。據上海師范大學慰安婦研究中心統計，在近40萬名“慰安婦”中近一半是中國人。這些“慰安婦”和穆拉德一樣，都是遭受過性虐待和監禁的性奴隸。但是整個社會對“慰安婦”的狀況和她們的創傷性記憶缺乏關注。“慰安婦”主題的紀錄片如《二十二》和《大寒》”在中國的低票房成績在一定程度上證明了這一點。

非常有必要對戰爭時期遭受性暴力的幸存者提供持續和全面的支持。這些女性所承受的痛苦不僅是身體上的，而且是心理上的。她們不僅承載著自己的悲慘經歷所帶來傷痛，還承受著目睹她們的朋友和家人遭受暴力后的心靈創傷。

我們需要注意，即使在享受和平的地區，作為一種基于性別的暴力形式的對女性的性暴力也應該得到認真對待。強奸和虐待是對女性身體施展暴力的最殘忍最直接的侵害方式。尤其重要的是，要審視性別化的社會結構是如何將女性置于低人一等的位置，從而使她們處于容易受傷害的境地。如果這種性別化的社會結構不發生變化，即使世界上沒有戰爭，對女性的性暴力或其他基于性別的暴力仍然可能會長期存在。

（*作者系中國傳媒大學媒介與女性研究中心教師，聯合國教科文組織“媒介與女性”教席團隊成員）

Murad's story speaks to structural violence against women

Iraqi Yazidi-Kurdish human rights activist and co-laureate of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize Nadia Murad gives her lecture after accepting her prize during the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony 2018 on December 10, 2018 at the City Hall in Oslo, Norway./VCG Photo

The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony on December 10 in Stockholm won the attention of the world as usual. This year's Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Nadia Murad and Dennis Mukwege “for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict.”

It is a monumental moment for women. Though sexual violence has been a prevalent aspect of war throughout history, the phrase “rape as a weapon of war” has only become widely used by researchers, policymakers and media analysts during the 1990s. And it is in recent years that sexual violence has become a prominent issue on the agenda of both the United Nations and numerous human rights organizations.

Under this circumstance, it is no surprise that the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Murad and Mukweg. Both winners have contributed to ending sexual violence against women and brought this issue in the spotlight of international society through their efforts.

Murad, a survivor of the war-time sexual violence by ISIS, uses her only weapon – “speaking out” – to tell her story to help her native sisters and the countless rape victims around the world. Mukweg, a male gynecologist, has treated and helped thousands of women in the Democratic Republic of Congo who suffered from sexual violence during the country's conflict.

Nobel prize laureates Congolese gynecologist Denis Mukwege (R) and Iraqi Yazidi-Kurdish human rights activist Nadia Murad greet the crowd from the balcony of the Nobel suite in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2018. /VCG Photo

The prize itself is recognition of both the winners' efforts and the urgency to solve the problem of sexual violence. But when the curtains are off, there is still a long and arduous road to a world free of rape victims.

More voices from survivors of war-time sexual violence should be heard by the whole world. “Telling the story” is Murad's weapon and luckily the memory and trauma she recounts has been heard. In her first public speech at a UN forum, she emphasized that she was "only one of the hundreds of thousands of Yazidi victims." Hopefully, her courage could inspire more victims to speak out against sexual violence and human trafficking.

A great majority of Chinese may not be unfamiliar with the word “comfort women," a euphemism for the girls and women kidnapped and forced into sex slavery by the Japanese military during World War II from the nearby Asian countries. According to the Research Center for Comfort Women at Shanghai Normal University among some 400,000 “comfort women,” nearly half were Chinese.

These “comfort women” are the same sex slaves like Murad who have been sexually abused and imprisoned. It seems that there is a lack of concern on their conditions and their traumatized memories. The low box office achievement of the documentaries about “comfort women” in China such as “Twenty-Two” and “Great Cold” may be a proof to some extent.

Former Chinese "comfort woman" Zhang Xiantu rests on a traditional brick bed in her house in Xiyan Town, Shanxi Province, China, July 18, 2015. /VCG Photo

The unremitting and all-round support to the survivors of war-time sexual violence is greatly needed. Their suffering is not only physical, but also psychological. They carry the weight of the trauma from both their own tragic experiences and the violence they have witnessed towards their friends and family.

It should be noted that even in areas that enjoy peace, sexual violence against women as a form of gender-based violence should also be taken seriously. Rape and abuse is a direct way of exerting power to bodies in the cruelest way.  It is of profound importance to look at how the gendered social structures which relegate women to second place keep them on the vulnerable place. Even if there were no wars in the world, sexual violence or gender-based violence against women may remain in the long run.

(*Chen Zhijuan is an Assistant Professor of Media and Gender Institute of the Communication University of China, Member of UNESCO Chair on Media and Gender.)

（編輯：曹琬晨）